For
the last six weeks or so I have been working through Roméo Dallaire's account
of the Rwandan genocide and civil war. I was a very young child at the time of
the genocide, so I do not myself have any memories of the event. Even if I was
capable of it I wonder if word of the massacres entered my world. One of the
key problems was that the world largely ignored what was happening in the small
African country in the Great Lakes region. Did my parents hear on the radio or
on the nightly news what was happening on the other side of the world? I do not
know when I first learned about Rwanda. I assume it was at school, tied to my
learning around the Holocaust and other genocides. Most of my preconceived
notions likely (to my embarrassment) to the film Hotel Rwanda and the book Collapse:
How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond. Reading this book
I came to understand that I knew virtually nothing.
I
assume that most people assume the Rwandan genocide was a simple inter-ethnic
conflict between Hutus and Tutsis. This is a dramatic oversimplification.
Rwanda was a Belgian colony. The Belgians elevated one group, the Tutsis, over
the Hutus. In the 1950s the Hutu majority pushed for greater political power.
Civil unrest broke out, the Tutsi were pushed out of power. Reprisals occurred
and the hundreds of thousands of Tutsis fled the country. This led to the
formation of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) in the 1980s. The RPF was a
combination of Tutsi and Hutus who opposed the government in Kigali. The
situation gets complicated here. In short, the RPF was on the verge of victory.
The French backed the government forces, the Belgians were suspected of backing
the RPF. The President of Tanzania helped to negotiate a truce and working
agreement between the forces which came to be known as the Arusha Accord. The
United Nations peacekeeping force was part of the agreement, which is how UNAMIR
and Dallaire ended up in Rwanda.
The
book opens with Dallaire's personal biography. It explores how a
French-Canadian navigated the politics of the Canadian Army. Dallaire comes off
as a capable, dedicated, and a problem-solver. In many ways he seemed like an
ideal candidate to lead the UN mission. Dallaire entered Rwanda optimistic,
naive and enthusiastic, by his own admission. The UN force was undermined from
the very beginning. They had insufficient manpower, insufficient resources, and
insufficient support from the local elite or the UN Security Council. Reading
the early chapters a is a struggle between optimism and dread. As a reader you
know where this is building to, but Dallaire lays out numerous scenarios that
could have reconciled the factions and averted genocide. The existing
government, moderate parties, extremist Hutus, and the RPF could not come to an
agreement and establish a coalition interim government. Racist Hutu rhetoric
stepped up dramatically during the period of political gridlock.
Dallaire
does little to point fingers are particular people or factions. When he does it
is more an acknowledge of how failures or stubbornness precluded a peaceful
resolution. Growing tensions exploded with the assassination of President
Habyarimana of the established government. It seems likely that Habyarimana was
killed by hardliners of his own party. His assassination was depicted as a
Tutsi plot. Racist Hutu militias (Interahamwe) began targeting and executing
moderate politicians. From there the genocide spiraled.
My
exceedingly brief description covers about the first third of the book.
Dallaire does an excellent job laying out the political and military situation
in Rwanda. Though he sometimes slips into excessive acronyms there is a
glossary at the back for terms and important figures. The book drips with the
tortured life of a man who had to stand by helplessly and oversee the worst
genocide of the post-Cold War period. Dallaire shines a gruesome light on the
horror of what happened. It does not feel exploitative, but a simple summary of
a fraction of the trauma he experienced.
We
are still experiencing the fallout of the Rwandan genocide. When western powers
did intervene they bungled it and only exacerbated elements of the crisis. Dallaire
sees blood on the hands of the United States and France in particular. Shake Hands with the Devil tells a much
fuller story than is likely popularly known. This was a troubling and highly
informative read. Since I began reading it I have found myself rethinking our
attitudes about peacekeeping, Africa and conflict. This book should be
mandatory reading for Canadian policymakers, and those interesting in
peacekeeping operations.
